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This compound is obtained

  • 1 путём реакции

    •

    Boron trifluoride is most readily obtained from the reaction of boric acid, hydrogen fluoride, sulphuric acid.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > путём реакции

  • 2 по реакции

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > по реакции

  • 3 Edwards, Humphrey

    [br]
    fl. c.1808–25 London (?), England
    d. after 1825 France (?)
    [br]
    English co-developer of Woolf s compound steam engine.
    [br]
    When Arthur Woolf left the Griffin Brewery, London, in October 1808, he formed a partnership with Humphrey Edwards, described as a millwright at Mill Street, Lambeth, where they started an engine works to build Woolf's type of compound engine. A number of small engines were constructed and other ordinary engines modified with the addition of a high-pressure cylinder. Improvements were made in each succeeding engine, and by 1811 a standard form had been evolved. During this experimental period, engines were made with cylinders side by side as well as the more usual layout with one behind the other. The valve gear and other details were also improved. Steam pressure may have been around 40 psi (2.8 kg/cm2). In an advertisement of February 1811, the partners claimed that their engines had been brought to such a state of perfection that they consumed only half the quantity of coal required for engines on the plan of Messrs Boulton \& Watt. Woolf visited Cornwall, where he realized that more potential for his engines lay there than in London; in May 1811 the partnership was dissolved, with Woolf returning to his home county. Edwards struggled on alone in London for a while, but when he saw a more promising future for the engine in France he moved to Paris. On 25 May 1815 he obtained a French patent, a Brevet d'importation, for ten years. A report in 1817 shows that during the previous two years he had imported into France fifteen engines of different sizes which were at work in eight places in various parts of the country. He licensed a mining company in the north of France to make twenty-five engines for winding coal. In France there was always much more interest in rotative engines than pumping ones. Edwards may have formed a partnership with Goupil \& Cie, Dampierre, to build engines, but this is uncertain. He became a member of the firm Scipion, Perrier, Edwards \& Chappert, which took over the Chaillot Foundry of the Perrier Frères in Paris, and it seems that Edwards continued to build steam engines there for the rest of his life. In 1824 it was claimed that he had made about 100 engines in England and another 200 in France, but this is probably an exaggeration.
    The Woolf engine acquired its popularity in France because its compound design was more economical than the single-cylinder type. To enable it to be operated safely, Edwards first modified Woolf s cast-iron boiler in 1815 by placing two small drums over the fire, and then in 1825 replaced the cast iron with wrought iron. The modified boiler was eventually brought back to England in the 1850s as the "French" or "elephant" boiler.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    Most details about Edwards are to be found in the biographies of his partner, Arthur Woolf. For example, see T.R.Harris, 1966, Arthur Woolf, 1766–1837, The Cornish Engineer, Truro: D.Bradford Barton; Rhys Jenkins, 1932–3, "A Cornish Engineer, Arthur Woolf, 1766–1837", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 13. These use information from the originally unpublished part of J.Farey, 1971, A Treatise on the Steam Engine, Vol. II, Newton Abbot: David \& Charles.
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Edwards, Humphrey

  • 4 Adamson, Daniel

    [br]
    b. 1818 Shildon, Co. Durham, England
    d. January 1890 Didsbury, Manchester, England
    [br]
    English mechanical engineer, pioneer in the use of steel for boilers, which enabled higher pressures to be introduced; pioneer in the use of triple-and quadruple-expansion mill engines.
    [br]
    Adamson was apprenticed between 1835 and 1841 to Timothy Hackworth, then Locomotive Superintendent on the Stockton \& Darlington Railway. After this he was appointed Draughtsman, then Superintendent Engineer, at that railway's locomotive works until in 1847 he became Manager of Shildon Works. In 1850 he resigned and moved to act as General Manager of Heaton Foundry, Stockport. In the following year he commenced business on his own at Newton Moor Iron Works near Manchester, where he built up his business as an iron-founder and boilermaker. By 1872 this works had become too small and he moved to a 4 acre (1.6 hectare) site at Hyde Junction, Dukinfield. There he employed 600 men making steel boilers, heavy machinery including mill engines fitted with the American Wheelock valve gear, hydraulic plant and general millwrighting. His success was based on his early recognition of the importance of using high-pressure steam and steel instead of wrought iron. In 1852 he patented his type of flanged seam for the firetubes of Lancashire boilers, which prevented these tubes cracking through expansion. In 1862 he patented the fabrication of boilers by drilling rivet holes instead of punching them and also by drilling the holes through two plates held together in their assembly positions. He had started to use steel for some boilers he made for railway locomotives in 1857, and in 1860, only four years after Bessemer's patent, he built six mill engine boilers from steel for Platt Bros, Oldham. He solved the problems of using this new material, and by his death had made c.2,800 steel boilers with pressures up to 250 psi (17.6 kg/cm2).
    He was a pioneer in the general introduction of steel and in 1863–4 was a partner in establishing the Yorkshire Iron and Steel Works at Penistone. This was the first works to depend entirely upon Bessemer steel for engineering purposes and was later sold at a large profit to Charles Cammell \& Co., Sheffield. When he started this works, he also patented improvements both to the Bessemer converters and to the engines which provided their blast. In 1870 he helped to turn Lincolnshire into an important ironmaking area by erecting the North Lincolnshire Ironworks. He was also a shareholder in ironworks in South Wales and Cumberland.
    He contributed to the development of the stationary steam engine, for as early as 1855 he built one to run with a pressure of 150 psi (10.5 kg/cm) that worked quite satisfactorily. He reheated the steam between the cylinders of compound engines and then in 1861–2 patented a triple-expansion engine, followed in 1873 by a quadruple-expansion one to further economize steam. In 1858 he developed improved machinery for testing tensile strength and compressive resistance of materials, and in the same year patents for hydraulic lifting jacks and riveting machines were obtained.
    He was a founding member of the Iron and Steel Institute and became its President in 1888 when it visited Manchester. The previous year he had been President of the Institution of Civil Engineers when he was presented with the Bessemer Gold Medal. He was a constant contributor at the meetings of these associations as well as those of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. He did not live to see the opening of one of his final achievements, the Manchester Ship Canal. He was the one man who, by his indomitable energy and skill at public speaking, roused the enthusiasm of the people in Manchester for this project and he made it a really practical proposition in the face of strong opposition.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    President, Institution of Civil Engineers 1887.
    President, Iron and Steel Institute 1888. Institution of Civil Engineers Bessemer Gold Medal 1887.
    Further Reading
    Obituary, Engineer 69:56.
    Obituary, Engineering 49:66–8.
    H.W.Dickinson, 1938, A Short History of the Steam Engine, Cambridge University Press (provides an illustration of Adamson's flanged seam for boilers).
    R.L.Hills, 1989, Power from Steam. A History of the Stationary Steam Engine, Cambridge University Press (covers the development of the triple-expansion engine).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Adamson, Daniel

  • 5 substance

    noun
    1) Stoff, der; Substanz, die
    2) no pl. (solidity) Substanz, die
    3) no pl. (content) (of book etc.) Inhalt, der

    there is no substance in his claim/the rumour — seine Behauptung/das Gerücht entbehrt jeder Grundlage

    4) no pl. (essence) Kern, der

    in substance — im Wesentlichen

    * * *
    1) (a material: Rubber is a tough, stretchy substance obtained from the juice of certain plants.) die Substanz
    2) (as a scientific term, an element, compound or mixture.) die Substanz
    * * *
    sub·stance
    [ˈsʌbstən(t)s]
    n
    1. (material element) Substanz f, Stoff m; (material) Materie f kein pl
    chemical \substance Chemikalie f
    organic \substance organische Substanz
    polluting \substances Umweltgifte pl
    illegal \substance ( form) Droge f
    3. no pl (essence) Substanz f, Gehalt m, wesentlicher Inhalt
    \substance of a novel Gehalt m eines Romans
    4. no pl (significance) Substanz f; (decisive significance) Gewicht nt
    the book lacks \substance das Buch hat keine Substanz
    there is no \substance in this allegation diese Behauptung entbehrt jeder Grundlage
    to give \substance to sth etw dat Gewicht verleihen
    5. no pl (main point) Wesentliche nt, Kern m, Essenz f
    the \substance of the conversation das Wesentliche der Unterhaltung
    in \substance im Wesentlichen
    6. no pl (wealth) Vermögen nt
    a man of \substance ein vermögender Mann
    * * *
    ['sʌbstəns]
    n
    1) Substanz f, Materie f, Stoff m

    what is this substance? — was ist das für eine Substanz?

    he rubbed a yellow substance on the wound — er strich eine gelbe Masse auf die Wunde

    2) no pl (= subject matter) Substanz f, Gehalt m; (= essence) Kern m
    3) no pl (= weight, importance) Gewicht nt
    4) no pl
    * * *
    substance [ˈsʌbstəns] s
    1. Substanz f, Materie f, Stoff m, Masse f
    2. fig Substanz f:
    a) Wesen n
    b) (das) Wesentliche, wesentlicher Inhalt oder Bestandteil, Kern m
    c) Gehalt m:
    in substance im Wesentlichen;
    arguments of little substance wenig stichhaltige Argumente
    3. PHIL
    a) Substanz f, Urgrund m
    b) Wesen n, Ding n
    4. Gegenständlichkeit f, Wirklichkeit f
    5. Vermögen n, Kapital n:
    a man of substance ein vermögender Mann
    * * *
    noun
    1) Stoff, der; Substanz, die
    2) no pl. (solidity) Substanz, die
    3) no pl. (content) (of book etc.) Inhalt, der

    there is no substance in his claim/the rumour — seine Behauptung/das Gerücht entbehrt jeder Grundlage

    4) no pl. (essence) Kern, der
    * * *
    n.
    Inhalt -e m.
    Stoff -e m.
    Substanz -en f.
    Wesentliche n.

    English-german dictionary > substance

  • 6 Howden, James

    [br]
    b. 29 February 1832 Prestonpans, East Lothian, Scotland
    d. 21 November 1913 Glasgow, Scotland
    [br]
    Scottish engineer and boilermaker, inventor of the forced-draught system for the boiler combustion chamber.
    [br]
    Howden was educated in Prestonpans. While aged only 14 or 15, he travelled across Scotland by canal to Glasgow, where he served an engineering apprenticeship with James Gray \& Co. In 1853 he completed his time and for some months served with the civil engineers Bell and Miller, and then with Robert Griffiths, a designer of screw propellers for ships. In 1854, at the age of 22, Howden set up as a consulting engineer and designer. He designed a rivet-making machine from which he realized a fair sum by the sale of patent rights, this assisting him in converting the design business into a manufacturing one. His first contract for a marine engine came in 1859 for the compound steam engine and the watertube boilers of the Anchor Liner Ailsa Craig. This ship operated at 100 psi (approximately 7 kg/cm2), well above the norm for those days. James Howden \& Co. was formed in 1862. Despite operating in the world's most competitive market, the new company remained prosperous through the flow of inventions in marine propulsion. Shipbuilding was added to the company's list of services, but such work was subcontracted. Work was obtained from all the great shipping companies building in the Glasgow region, and with such throughput Howden's could afford research and experimentation. This led to the Howden hot-air forced-draught system, whereby furnace waste gases were used to heat the air being drawn into the combustion chambers. The first installation was on the New York City, built in 1885 for West Indian service. Howden's fertile mind brought about a fully enclosed high-speed marine steam engine in the 1900s and, shortly after, the Howden-Zoelly impulse steam turbine for land operation. Until his death, Howden worked on many technical and business problems: he was involved in the St Helena Whaling Company, marble quarrying in Greece and in the design of a recoilless gun for the Admiralty.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Howden was the last surviving member of the group who founded the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland in 1857.
    Bibliography
    Howden contributed several papers to the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland.
    Further Reading
    C.W.Munn, 1986, "James Howden", Dictionary of Scottish Business Biography, Vol. I, Aberdeen.
    FMW

    Biographical history of technology > Howden, James

  • 7 более

    •

    In excess of one in ten elderly people suffer with this problem at some stage.

    * * *
    Более (230)-- For the purpose of this study, the 230+ [plus] specific causes provided in the EEI reporting format to identify problem areas were consolidated into 53 cause groups. Более (+ численное значение)
     Hence, the effective power law between confining pressure and elastic wave velocities would have an exponent greater than 1/6.
     In curve (c) we observe a reduction of more than 30 percent in the time to buckling.
    —не отличаться более, чем на
    —не отличаются одно от другого более, чем на
    —обращать более пристальное внимание на

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > более

  • 8 Macintosh, Charles

    [br]
    b. 29 December 1766 Glasgow, Scotland
    d. 25 July 1843 Dunchattan, near Glasgow, Scotland
    [br]
    Scottish inventor of rubberized waterproof clothing.
    [br]
    As the son of the well-known and inventive dyer George Macintosh, Charles had an early interest in chemistry. At the age of 19 he gave up his work as a clerk with a Glasgow merchant to manufacture sal ammoniac (ammonium chloride) and developed new processes in dyeing. In 1797 he started the first Scottish alum works, finding the alum in waste shale from coal mines. His first works was at Hurlet, Renfrewshire, and was followed later by others. He then formed a partnership with Charles Tennant, the proprietor of a chemical works at St Rollox, near Glasgow, and sold "lime bleaching liquor" made with chlorine and milk of lime from their bleach works at Darnley. A year later the use of dry lime to make bleaching powder, a process worked out by Macintosh, was patented. Macintosh remained associated with Tennant's St Rollox chemical works until 1814. During this time, in 1809, he had set up a yeast factory, but it failed because of opposition from the London brewers.
    There was a steady demand for the ammonia that gas works produced, but the tar was often looked upon as an inconvenient waste product. Macintosh bought all the ammonia and tar that the Glasgow works produced, using the ammonia in his establishment to produce cudbear, a dyestuff extracted from various lichens. Cudbear could be used with appropriate mordants to make shades from pink to blue. The tar could be distilled to produce naphtha, which was used as a flare. Macintosh also became interested in ironmaking. In 1825 he took out a patent for converting malleable iron into steel by taking it to white heat in a current of gas with a carbon content, such as coal gas. However, the process was not commercially successful because of the difficulty keeping the furnace gas-tight. In 1828 he assisted J.B. Neilson in bringing hot blast into use in blast furnaces; Neilson assigned Macintosh a share in the patent, which was of dubious benefit as it involved him in the tortuous litigation that surrounded the patent until 1843.
    In June 1823, as a result of experiments into the possible uses of naphtha obtained as a by-product of the distillation of coal tar, Macintosh patented his process for waterproofing fabric. This comprised dissolving rubber in naphtha and applying the solution to two pieces of cloth which were afterwards pressed together to form an impermeable compound fabric. After an experimental period in Glasgow, Macintosh commenced manufacture in Manchester, where he formed a partnership with H.H.Birley, B.Kirk and R.W.Barton. Birley was a cotton spinner and weaver and was looking for ways to extend the output of his cloth. He was amongst the first to light his mills with gas, so he shared a common interest with Macintosh.
    New buildings were erected for the production of waterproof cloth in 1824–5, but there were considerable teething troubles with the process, particularly in the spreading of the rubber solution onto the cloth. Peter Ewart helped to install the machinery, including a steam engine supplied by Boulton \& Watt, and the naphtha was supplied from Macintosh's works in Glasgow. It seems that the process was still giving difficulties when Thomas Hancock, the foremost rubber technologist of that time, became involved in 1830 and was made a partner in 1834. By 1836 the waterproof coat was being called a "mackintosh" [sic] and was gaining such popularity that the Manchester business was expanded with additional premises. Macintosh's business was gradually enlarged to include many other kinds of indiarubber products, such as rubber shoes and cushions.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    FRS 1823.
    Further Reading
    G.Macintosh, 1847, Memoir of Charles Macintosh, London (the fullest account of Charles Macintosh's life).
    H.Schurer, 1953, "The macintosh: the paternity of an invention", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 28:77–87 (an account of the invention of the mackintosh).
    RLH / LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Macintosh, Charles

  • 9 более

    •

    In excess of one in ten elderly people suffer with this problem at some stage.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > более

  • 10 предварительно

    •

    To distinguish between..., first add calcium chloride solution in excess to precipitate normal carbonate.

    •

    Remove the washer by first taking off the nut.

    •

    A hermetic seal is obtained by rolling together the lid flange, previously coated with a sealing compound, and the flanged open end of the case to form a tight double seam.

    II
    •

    If this proposal is tentatively accepted as valid,...

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > предварительно

  • 11 substance

    1) (a material: Rubber is a tough, stretchy substance obtained from the juice of certain plants.) sustancia
    2) (as a scientific term, an element, compound or mixture.) sustancia
    substance n sustancia
    tr['sʌbstəns]
    1 (matter) sustancia
    2 (real matter, solid content) sustancia, solidez nombre femenino
    ■ matters of substance temas fundamentales/importantes
    ■ there is no substance in the rumour el rumor no es fundado, el rumor carece de fundamento
    3 (essence, gist) esencia, sustancia
    4 (wealth) riqueza
    substance ['sʌbstənts] n
    1) essence: sustancia f, esencia f
    2) : sustancia f
    a toxic substance: una sustancia tóxica
    3) wealth: riqueza f
    a woman of substance: una mujer acaudalada
    n.
    • alma s.f.
    • cuerpo s.m.
    • enjundia s.f.
    • esencia s.f.
    • jugo s.m.
    • miga s.f.
    • migajón s.m.
    • ser s.m.
    • substancia s.f.
    • suma s.f.
    • sustancia s.f.
    'sʌbstəns
    1) c ( type of matter) sustancia f
    2) u
    a) (solid quality, content) sustancia f; ( of book) enjundia f, sustancia f
    b) ( foundation) fundamento m

    the substance — la sustancia, lo esencial

    ['sʌbstǝns]
    1. N
    a) (=solution, chemical) sustancia f
    illegal
    b) (=solidity) corporeidad f ; [of fabric] cuerpo m
    2) (fig)
    a) (=basis) (to allegation) base f, fundamento m
    b) (=profundity) (to book, plot, argument) enjundia f, sustancia f

    there wasn't much substance in or to his lectures — sus conferencias no tenían mucha enjundia or sustancia

    c) (=gist, essence) [of speech, writing] esencia f

    the dispute was about style not substance — la discusión fue sobre forma, no sobre fondo

    what he is saying in substance is that... — en esencia, lo que está diciendo es que...

    d)

    a man/woman of substance — (=wealthy person) un hombre/una mujer de fortuna

    2.
    CPD

    substance abuse N — abuso m de estupefacientes, toxicomanía f

    * * *
    ['sʌbstəns]
    1) c ( type of matter) sustancia f
    2) u
    a) (solid quality, content) sustancia f; ( of book) enjundia f, sustancia f
    b) ( foundation) fundamento m

    the substance — la sustancia, lo esencial

    English-spanish dictionary > substance

  • 12 цепь

    catena, chain, circuit, linkwork, network, ( в вентильной матрице) path, ( кинематическая) sequence, ( ДНК) strand, train
    * * *
    цепь ж.
    1. мех., мат., хим. chain
    2. эл. (electric) circuit; элк. circuit, network
    брать цепь на прове́рку свз. — take a circuit for testing
    вводи́ть [включа́ть] в цепь — ( без конкретизации цепи) эл., элк. bring in(to) circuit; ( конкретная цепь) bring in(to) the (e. g., field) circuit
    включа́ться в цепь свз. — cut in a circuit
    держа́ть цепь под напряже́нием — hold [keep] a circuit alive
    заземля́ть цепь — брит. earth a circuit; амер. ground a circuit
    замыва́ть цепь эл., элк. — complete [close] a circuit
    защища́ть цепь — protect a circuit
    защища́ть цепь пла́вким предохрани́телем — fuse a circuit
    защища́ть цепь предохрани́телем на, напр. 6 А — fuse a circuit for, e. g., 6 A
    цепь зумми́рует — the circuit sings [is singing]
    изоли́ровать цепь — ( с помощью изоляционных материалов) insulate a circuit (this refers to use of insulating materials); (от воздействия, напр. другой цепи; не путать с применением изоляционных материалов) isolate a circuit (e. g., from other circuits; not to be confused with insulation)
    коммути́ровать цепь эл., элк. — switch a circuit
    компенси́ровать цепь ( для устранения амплитудных и фазовых искажений) свз. — equalize [condition] a circuit
    нагружа́ть цепь эл., элк. — load [put load on] a circuit
    нара́щивать цепь свз. — extend a circuit
    обесто́чивать цепь — de-energize a circuit
    организова́ть цепь (свя́зи) — obtain [construct] a circuit
    несимметри́чная иску́сственная цепь организу́ется с по́мощью лине́йных трансформа́торов — a simplex circuit is obtained by means of repeating coils
    освобожда́ть цепь свз. — release a circuit
    подгота́вливать цепь эл., элк., свз. — prepare a circuit in readiness for use [for operation], arm a circuit
    прозва́нивать цепь — test a circuit for continuity
    производи́ть замыка́ние це́пи по постоя́нному то́ку ( в передаче данных) — complete a d.c. connection over the local loop
    цепь рабо́тает на, напр. индукти́вную нагру́зку эл., элк. — a circuit operates into, e. g., an inductive load
    размыка́ть цепь эл., элк. — open [break] a circuit
    скре́щивать це́пи возду́шной ли́нией свя́зи — transpose the circuits of an overhead communication line
    уплотня́ть цепь — ( с помощью искусственных цепей или без конкретизации метода) свз. use a circuit for multichannel operation; ( временным или частотным разделением) multiplex a circuit, use a circuit for multiplex operation
    уплотня́ть цепь временны́м разделе́нием сигна́лов свз. — operate [work] a circuit in time-division multiplex
    уплотня́ть цепь переда́чей че́рез сре́дние то́чки лине́йных трансформа́торов свз. — operate on a simplexed [half-phantom, earthed-phantom] circuit
    уплотня́ть цепь, напр. тремя́ вч телефо́нными кана́лами свз. — carry [establish, set up], e. g., three carrier telephone channels over a single line
    уплотня́ть цепь часто́тным разделе́нием сигна́лов свз. — operate [use, work] a circuit in frequency-division multiplex
    цепь авари́йной защи́ты эл. — safety circuit
    цепь авари́йной сигнализа́ции эл. — alarm circuit
    автоколеба́тельная цепь элк. — astable circuit
    акти́вная цепь эл. — active circuit
    а́нкерная цепь — anchor [tension] chain
    ано́дная цепь элк. — anode [plate] circuit
    апериоди́ческая цепь элк. — aperiodic circuit
    арендо́ванная цепь свз. — leased wire [private line] circuit
    безро́ликовая цепь — rollerless chain
    бесшу́мная цепь — noiseless [silent] chain
    цепь блокиро́вки эл. — blocking [locked, holding] circuit
    бло́чная цепь — block chain
    бокова́я цепь хим. — side chain
    букси́рная цепь — tow chain
    вертлю́жная цепь — buckle chain
    взаи́мная цепь — reciprocal circuit
    цепь вне́шней нагру́зки эл. — external load circuit
    вне́шняя цепь эл. — external circuit
    вну́тренняя цепь эл. — internal circuit
    цепь возбужде́ния элк. — excitation [drive] circuit
    цепь возвра́та ( в исходное положение) элк. — reset circuit
    цепь возвра́та че́рез зе́млю эл. — ground return circuit
    возду́шная цепь эл. — open-wire [overhead] circuit
    втори́чная цепь эл. — secondary circuit
    вту́лочная цепь — sleeve-type chain
    вту́лочная, безро́ликовая цепь — combination chain
    вту́лочно-ро́ликовая цепь — (bush) roller chain
    вту́лочно-ро́ликовая цепь двойно́го ша́га — double-pitch roller chain
    вту́лочно-ро́ликовая цепь норма́льного ша́га — standard pitch roller chain
    вту́лочно-ро́ликовая, трёхря́дная цепь — triple strand roller chain
    входна́я цепь эл., элк. — input circuit
    высева́ющая цепь с.-х. — feed chain
    цепь высо́кого напряже́ния эл. — high-tension [high-voltage] circuit
    выходна́я цепь эл. — output circuit
    гла́вная цепь эл. — main circuit
    цепь гла́вного то́ка эл. — main [power] circuit
    цепь гла́вной переда́чи авто — final drive chain
    цепь гла́вных вале́нтностей — main valency chain
    Г-обра́зная цепь эл., элк. — L-network, L-section network
    грузова́я цепь — lifting [loading] chain
    гу́сеничная цепь — track [crawler], chain
    двухпро́водная цепь эл. — two-wire circuit
    двухшарни́рная, ре́жущая цепь горн. — double ringed cutting chain
    демпфи́рующая цепь эл., элн. — damping [antihunt] circuit
    дешифру́ющая, часто́тно-избира́тельная цепь эл., элн. — frequency-selective filter circuit
    дифференци́рующая цепь элк., вчт. — differentiating circuit
    длиннозве́нная цепь — long link chain
    цепь для подве́ски бадьи́ горн. — kibble chain
    дуа́льная цепь эл. — dual [electrical] network
    цепь А явля́ется дуа́льной по отноше́нию к це́пи Б — circuit A is a dual of circuit B
    ду́плексная цепь свз. — duplex circuit
    цепь заде́ржки элк. — delay circuit, delay network
    за́дняя цепь — rear chain
    цепь зажига́ния — ignition circuit
    зажи́мная цепь — gripping chain
    цепь заземле́ния се́тки ла́мпы элк. — grid return
    заземлё́нная цепь — брит. earthed circuit; амер. grounded circuit
    цепь за́писи вчт. — write [writing] circuit
    заря́дная цепь эл. — charging circuit
    цепь защи́ты эл. — protective circuit
    землеме́рная цепь геод. — surveyors chain
    зубча́тая цепь — toothed chain
    цепь из зве́ньев с присоеди́нительными ла́пками — attachment chain
    измери́тельная цепь элк., изм. — measuring circuit
    индукти́вная цепь эл. — inductive circuit
    интегри́рующая цепь вчт., элк. — integrating circuit
    интегродифференци́рующая цепь вчт., элк. — integro-differentiating circuit
    иску́сственная, несимметри́чная цепь ( не путать с си́мплексной це́пью) свз. — simplexed [half-phantom, earthed-phantom] circuit (not to be confused with simplex)
    иску́сственная, симметри́чная цепь свз. — phantom circuit
    ка́бельная цепь свз. — cable circuit
    кинемати́ческая цепь — kinematic chain
    ковшо́вая цепь ( экскаватора) — bucket chain
    конве́йерная цепь — conveyer chain
    контро́льная цепь эл. — monitoring [control] circuit
    короткозве́нная цепь — shortlink chain
    корректи́рующая цепь элк. — compensating circuit
    кра́новая цепь — crane chain
    круглозве́нная цепь — round link chain
    крючко́вая цепь — hook-link chain
    ле́нточная цепь — band chain
    лине́йная цепь эл., элк. — line [link, linear] circuit
    магни́тная цепь эл. — magnetic circuit
    магни́тная, неразветвлё́нная цепь эл. — undivided magnetic circuit
    цепь манипуля́ции свз. — keying circuit
    цепь Ма́ркова мат. — Markov(ian) chain
    цепь межкаска́дной свя́зи элк. — interstage circuit
    ме́рная цепь геод. — surveyor's [poll] chain
    многозве́нная цепь эл. — iterated [ladder] network
    многоря́дная цепь — multiple strand chain
    многофа́зная цепь эл. — polyphase circuit
    молекуля́рная цепь — molecular chain
    цепь навесно́го устро́йства, блокиро́вочная с.-х. — linkage check chain
    цепь нагру́зки эл. элк. — load circuit
    цепь нака́ла элк. — filament [heater] circuit
    цепь нака́чки элк. — pump(ing) circuit
    направля́ющая цепь — guide chain
    неза́мкнутая цепь эл. — open [incomplete] circuit
    неиспра́вная цепь эл., элк. — inoperative [faulty] circuit, circuit out of order
    нелине́йная цепь эл. — nonlinear circuit
    неразветвлё́нная цепь
    1. эл. series circuit
    2. хим. unbranched chain
    неуплотнё́нная цепь свз. — single-channel circuit
    обвя́зочная цепь ( для грузов) — sling chain
    обесто́ченная цепь эл. — dead circuit
    обра́тная цепь эл. — return circuit
    цепь обра́тной свя́зи эл., элк. — feedback circuit, feedback path
    цепь обра́тной свя́зи с временно́й заде́ржкой эл., элк. — delayed feedback circuit
    окисли́тельно-восстанови́тельная цепь хим. — redox chain
    основна́я цепь
    1. эл. main circuit
    2. хим. man chain
    цепь ответвле́ний свз. — tap circuit
    ответвлё́нная цепь свз. — derived [branch] circuit
    цепь отключе́ния эл., элн. — disabling circuit
    цепь отпира́ния эл., элн. — enabling circuit
    паралле́льная цепь эл. — parallel circuit
    пасси́вная цепь эл. — passive circuit, passive network
    перви́чная цепь эл. — primary circuit
    цепь пере́дней переда́чи — primary drive chain
    цепь переме́нного то́ка эл. — alternating current [a.c.] circuit
    цепь перено́са вчт. — carry circuit
    цепь Пика́ра свз. — simplexed [half-phantom, earthed phantom] chain
    плана́рная цепь полупр. — planar circuit
    пласти́нчатая цепь — leaf [laminated] chain
    плоскозве́нная цепь — link chain
    побо́чная цепь эл. — parasitic circuit
    П-обра́зная цепь эл. — pi-network, pisection network
    подаю́щая цепь — pick-up chain
    подводя́щая цепь — gathering chain
    подка́пывающая цепь — digger chain
    подъё́мная цепь — hoisting chain
    полиме́рная цепь — polymer chain
    после́довательная цепь эл. — series circuit
    цепь постоя́нного то́ка — direct current [d.c.] circuit
    предохрани́тельная цепь — safety [check] chain
    приводна́я цепь — driving [sprocket] chain
    цепь противоскольже́ния — [non-skid, tyre] chain
    пряма́я цепь хим. — straight chain
    цепь прямо́го вы́зова свз. — ring-down circuit
    пускова́я цепь — starting circuit; trigger circuit
    цепь ра́венств мат. — continual equality
    разбо́рная цепь — dismountable [detachable] chain
    разветвлё́нная цепь
    1. эл. parallel circuit
    2. хим. branched chain
    развя́зывающая цепь эл. — isolation [isolating] network
    разгово́рная цепь тлф. — talking circuit
    устана́вливать разгово́рную цепь — establish [set up] a talking circuit
    раздели́тельная цепь эл. — isolating circuit
    цепь размыка́ния маршру́та ж.-д. — route release circuit
    разря́дная цепь эл. — discharge circuit
    цепь реаги́рующих веще́ств — reaction chain
    реакти́вная цепь эл. — reactive circuit
    цепь регули́рования автмт. — control circuit
    ре́жущая цепь горн. — cutting chain
    ре́жущая цепь цепно́го переключа́теля — trenching chain
    резерви́рующая цепь т. над. — redundant circuit
    резона́нсная цепь эл. — resonant circuit
    реле́йная цепь эл. — relay circuit
    ре́льсовая цепь — track circuit, ground return
    ре́льсовая, двухни́точная цепь — double track circuit
    ре́льсовая, за́мкнутая цепь — closed track circuit
    ре́льсовая, и́мпульсная цепь — half-wave track circuit
    ре́льсовая, норма́льно-за́мкнутая цепь — closed track circuit
    ре́льсовая, однони́точная цепь — single-rail track circuit
    реша́ющая цепь вчт. — competing network
    ро́ликовая цепь — roller chain
    цепь с акти́вным сопротивле́нием — resistive circuit
    цепь самоблокиро́вки эл. — self-blocking circuit
    сва́рочная цепь — welding circuit
    цепь с возвра́том че́рез зе́млю — earth-return circuit
    цепь свя́зи — свз. communication circuit; ( между каскадами или приборами) coupling circuit
    цепь сдви́га вчт. — shift(ing) circuit
    силова́я цепь эл. — power circuit
    симметри́чная цепь эл. — balanced circuit
    цепь синхрониза́ции элк. — sync circuit
    сквозна́я цепь свз. — built-up [through] circuit
    скребко́вая цепь — flight chain
    служе́бная цепь свз. — order [engineers] circuit
    цепь смеще́ния элк. — bias chain
    соедини́тельная цепь — coupling chain
    цепь сопряже́ния хим. — conjugated chain
    составна́я цепь эл. — composite [compound] circuit
    цепь с отво́дами эл. — tapped circuit
    цепь с переме́нными во вре́мени пара́метрами эл. — time-varying (electric) network
    цепь сравне́ния вчт. — comparison circuit
    цепь с распо́рками — stud chain
    цепь с распределё́нными пара́метрами эл., элк. — distributed-parameter [distributed-constant] circuit
    цепь с сосредото́ченными пара́метрами — lumped-parameter [lumped-constant] circuit
    строби́рующая цепь элк. — gate circuit
    сумми́рующая цепь вчт. — add(ing) circuit
    суперфанто́мная цепь свз. — double phantom [superphantom] circuit
    суперфанто́мная цепь с возвра́том че́рез зе́млю свз. — earth-return double phantom circuit
    цепь суперфанто́мная, телегра́фная — double phantom balanced telegraph circuit
    цепь сце́пки — coupling chain
    цепь с чи́сто акти́вным сопротивле́нием — purely resistive circuit
    цепь счи́тывания вчт. — read(ing) circuit
    цепь то́ка — current circuit
    цепь то́ка замыва́ется че́рез … — the current takes the path through …
    цепь толка́теля горн. — haul chain
    цепь толка́теля, ро́ликовая горн. — haul roller chain
    тормозна́я цепь
    1. drag [locking] chain
    транзи́тная цепь свз. — built-up [through] circuit
    транспортё́рная цепь — conveyer chain
    транспортё́рная цепь со скребка́ми — paddled conveyer chain
    трёхфа́зная цепь — three-phase circuit
    тя́говая цепь — hauling [haulage, putt] chain
    цепь тя́говых дви́гателей — traction motor circuit
    цепь у́зких строб-и́мпульсов рлк. — narrow-gate circuit
    цепь ультрау́зких строб-и́мпульсов — N2 -gate circuit
    цепь управле́ния эл., элк. — control circuit
    уравнове́шенная цепь эл. — balanced circuit
    фазоинверти́рующая цепь элк. — phasenverting circuit
    фазосдвига́ющая цепь элк. — phase-shifting circuit
    фанто́мная цепь свз. — phantom circuit
    фанто́мная, телегра́фная цепь с возвра́том по земле́ — earth-return phantom circuit
    феррорезона́нсная цепь эл. — ferroresonance circuit
    физи́ческая цепь свз. — physical circuit
    хрони́рующая цепь элк. — clock [timing] circuit
    шарни́рная цепь — articulated-link [pintle] chain
    шарни́рная цепь из пло́ских зве́ньев — flat-link chain
    шарни́рная, ре́жущая цепь горн. — cutting link chain
    штырева́я цепь — pintle chain
    шумя́щая цепь свз. — noisy circuit
    шунти́рующая цепь эл. — shunt circuit
    эквивале́нтная цепь эл. — equivalent circuit
    электри́ческая цепь — (electric) circuit
    электровзрывна́я цепь — electroblasting chain
    электростати́ческая цепь — electrostatic circuit
    электротя́говая цепь — electric traction circuit
    я́корная цепь мор. — anchor chain, anchor cable
    выбира́ть я́корную цепь — heave on the chain
    цепь я́коря эл. — armature circuit

    Русско-английский политехнический словарь > цепь

  • 13 Churchward, George Jackson

    [br]
    b. 31 January 1857 Stoke Gabriel, Devon, England
    d. 19 December 1933 Swindon, Wiltshire, England
    [br]
    English mechanical engineer who developed for the Great Western Railway a range of steam locomotives of the most advanced design of its time.
    [br]
    Churchward was articled to the Locomotive Superintendent of the South Devon Railway in 1873, and when the South Devon was absorbed by the Great Western Railway in 1876 he moved to the latter's Swindon works. There he rose by successive promotions to become Works Manager in 1896, and in 1897 Chief Assistant to William Dean, who was Locomotive Carriage and Wagon Superintendent, in which capacity Churchward was allowed extensive freedom of action. Churchward eventually succeeded Dean in 1902: his title changed to Chief Mechanical Engineer in 1916.
    In locomotive design, Churchward adopted the flat-topped firebox invented by A.J.Belpaire of the Belgian State Railways and added a tapered barrel to improve circulation of water between the barrel and the firebox legs. He designed valves with a longer stroke and a greater lap than usual, to achieve full opening to exhaust. Passenger-train weights had been increasing rapidly, and Churchward produced his first 4–6– 0 express locomotive in 1902. However, he was still developing the details—he had a flair for selecting good engineering practices—and to aid his development work Churchward installed at Swindon in 1904 a stationary testing plant for locomotives. This was the first of its kind in Britain and was based on the work of Professor W.F.M.Goss, who had installed the first such plant at Purdue University, USA, in 1891. For comparison with his own locomotives Churchward obtained from France three 4–4–2 compound locomotives of the type developed by A. de Glehn and G. du Bousquet. He decided against compounding, but he did perpetuate many of the details of the French locomotives, notably the divided drive between the first and second pairs of driving wheels, when he introduced his four-cylinder 4–6–0 (the Star class) in 1907. He built a lone 4–6–2, the Great Bear, in 1908: the wheel arrangement enabled it to have a wide firebox, but the type was not perpetuated because Welsh coal suited narrow grates and 4–6–0 locomotives were adequate for the traffic. After Churchward retired in 1921 his successor, C.B.Collett, was to enlarge the Star class into the Castle class and then the King class, both 4–6–0s, which lasted almost as long as steam locomotives survived in service. In Church ward's time, however, the Great Western Railway was the first in Britain to adopt six-coupled locomotives on a large scale for passenger trains in place of four-coupled locomotives. The 4–6–0 classes, however, were but the most celebrated of a whole range of standard locomotives of advanced design for all types of traffic and shared between them many standardized components, particularly boilers, cylinders and valve gear.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    H.C.B.Rogers, 1975, G.J.Churchward. A Locomotive Biography, London: George Allen \& Unwin (a full-length account of Churchward and his locomotives, and their influence on subsequent locomotive development).
    C.Hamilton Ellis, 1958, Twenty Locomotive Men, Shepperton: Ian Allan, Ch. 20 (a good brief account).
    Sir William Stanier, 1955, "George Jackson Churchward", Transactions of the Newcomen
    Society 30 (a unique insight into Churchward and his work, from the informed viewpoint of his former subordinate who had risen to become Chief Mechanical Engineer of the London, Midland \& Scottish Railway).
    PJGR

    Biographical history of technology > Churchward, George Jackson

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